Regions:Chad/Guéra/Bitkine/Water points

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This page documents actual known wells, boreholes and other water sources around Bitkine.

It is intended as a field inventory. Geological interpretation and proposed future drilling locations are documented separately under Groundwater prospecting.

Water-point information should distinguish clearly between:

• measured values;
• information reported by owners or operators;
• approximate or historical values;
• observations that still require confirmation.

Inventory

Name	Type	Location	Depth	Yield	Water quality	EC	Current use	Status
Restaurant Complex	Borehole / well	coordinates to add	unknown	~3 m³/h during March–June	to confirm	not yet measured	Local use	Existing
Djaborona Church	Borehole / well	coordinates to add	unknown	~2 m³/h during March–June	to confirm	not yet measured	Local use	Existing
Elie Tchere	Borehole / well	coordinates to add	unknown	~3 m³/h during March–June	to confirm	not yet measured	Local use	Existing

The reported yields above are field information and should be replaced or supplemented by measured pumping-test data where available.

Additional known water points should be added as their location and ownership are confirmed.

Water quality

Local observations indicate that both potable and noticeably saline groundwater occur around Bitkine.

At present, water described as salty is primarily a field description. The actual hydrochemical type has not yet been established for most local sources.

Electrical conductivity should therefore be measured for every accessible water point.

A minimal field record should include:

• electrical conductivity (µS/cm);
• temperature;
• pH;
• pumping rate;
• duration of pumping before sampling;
• taste or other field observations;
• current use of the water.

For selected representative wells, laboratory analysis should include:

• sodium;
• potassium;
• calcium;
• magnesium;
• chloride;
• sulfate;
• bicarbonate / alkalinity;
• nitrate;
• fluoride;
• iron;
• manganese;
• microbiological parameters.

Different dissolved salts do not necessarily produce the same taste. A water described as salty may be dominated by sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, calcium or magnesium salts, or a mixture of several major ions.

Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity is one of the most useful rapid measurements for comparing local groundwater.

Conductivity is recorded in microsiemens per centimetre (µS/cm) and provides an indication of the total concentration of dissolved ions.

Repeated measurements are preferable to a single value, particularly in fractured-rock boreholes.

A useful pumping record is:

Time	Pumping rate	Water level	EC	Temperature	pH	Notes
Before pumping
5 min
15 min
30 min
1 h
2 h
4 h
8 h

Changes in EC during pumping can indicate changing contributions from different fractures.

A decreasing EC may indicate displacement of stagnant or more mineralised water by a fresher source.

An increasing EC may indicate that continued drawdown is recruiting a more mineralised fracture or groundwater body.

Such interpretations require repeated measurements and should not be inferred from taste alone.

Seasonal behaviour

Water-point yield should be recorded throughout the year.

The late dry season is particularly important because a well that performs well shortly after the rainy season may provide substantially less water several months later.

For each important water point, useful seasonal observations include:

Date	Season	Static water level	Pumping rate	Pumping duration	EC	Notes

Where possible, the same pumping method should be used for repeated measurements so that results remain comparable.

Individual water-point pages

Water points with sufficient information may receive dedicated subpages.

Suggested structure:

Regions:Chad/Guéra/Bitkine/Water_points/Restaurant_Complex

Regions:Chad/Guéra/Bitkine/Water_points/Djaborona_Church

Regions:Chad/Guéra/Bitkine/Water_points/Elie_Tchere

An individual page can contain:

• precise coordinates;
• photographs;
• owner or operator;
• construction date;
• borehole depth;
• casing and screen information;
• pump type;
• measured yield;
• seasonal behaviour;
• EC measurements;
• laboratory chemistry;
• pumping-test results;
• current use;
• maintenance history;
• nearby water points;
• field notes.

Data quality

Field information should retain its source.

Values reported verbally by an owner should be marked as reported values until they are independently measured.

Approximate coordinates should not be presented as survey-quality positions.

Water described as potable should not be considered microbiologically safe without appropriate testing.

Related pages

• Bitkine
• Groundwater prospecting
• Guéra